They are at 'right-angles', with the Earth at the corner of the right angle.

The astronauts in the Apollo program experienced very bright sunlight on the lunar surface - the Sun is easily visible during the lunar daytime and its light is less scattered since there is no atmosphere. The stark contrast and surface reflectivity required them to adjust their cameras to take good shots; Apollo 12 astronaut Alan Bean accidentally broke a video camera when he pointed it at the Sun.

Our Moon is slowly receding from the Earth - a few centimeters per year - because of forces from the tidal interaction between them. It is because of a phase lag (slightly slowed response) on the rotating Earth and the mass of the tidal bulge. It is something like being on a carousel dragging an independent object around the perimeter using a rope, there is an oblique force causing it to move outwards slightly.

Yes there is, but only once in a blue moon. :)

This is because it takes 29.5 days for the complete lunar cycle, which is only barely smaller than most calendar months - so having two full moons in a month is pretty rare, it only happens once every 2 to 3 years.

In the astronomical context we only see the same side of the Moon throughout the month because of tidal locking - the Moon revolves around the Earth in its orbit at the same rate it spins on its axis. Because its orbit is not a perfect circle but slightly elliptical, the Moon experiences libration, or a slight wobble in that rotation rate and a slightly larger amount of the Moon's surface briefly becomes visible.

After obtaining and analyzing lunar samples, scientists decided the Moon's composition, while different, is too similar to Earth's to have been created separately. Common belief now is that a giant impact from a Mars-sized body astronomers call Theia created a large amount of space rocks and debris which condensed gravitationally into the current Moon. It used to be far closer but due to tidal effects has been slowly receding away from Earth.

The Moon is a natural satellite of Earth, as such it occupies a place in space described as an orbit or elliptical path around the Earth completed about every 27 days.

The space shuttle was not designed to go to the Moon; it was an orbiter capable of missions near Earth and re-entry.

In humans, full gestation takes about 9 months or 280 days, about 40 weeks. The longest gestation in the animal kingdom is for elephants which takes about 2 years.

The Russian Luna missions were the first unmanned probes to reach the lunar surface, the first few crashing (e.g., Luna 2) and later Luna 9 performing the first soft landing. Luna 2 made it to the moon September 14, 1959; Luna 9 landed Feb 3 1966. The first crewed mission to take an astronaut to the lunar surface was NASA's Apollo 11 mission, which landed July 20, 1969.

About one half, 50%. The other half is night time.

It does NOT orbit on its axis, but rotates on its axis. It takes 24 hours, one day, to make one complete rotation.

However, It does ORBIT the Sun. It takes the Earth 365.25 days, one year, for make one complete orbit of the Sun. Whilst it is making this orbit it is also rotating on its axis, as above.

The distance between the Sun and the Earth is 1 AU (149.597 m km / 93 m miles) whereas the distance between the Sun and Venus is at an average of 0.723 AU (108. 200 m km / 67.625 m miles). So it can be called 72% of the Sun-Earth distance.

Any light source can potentially generate a shadow under nominal conditions. The direction of the Sun and shadow created by it would be in opposite directions.

The lunar "seas" or maria which appear dark to an observer, are large plains of solidified lava which were created inside impact basins early in the Moon's formation.

Kennedy famously proposed during a speech that the United States should have a goal to reach the Moon with a manned mission, returning an astronaut to the Earth, by the end of the decade. This is widely believed to have been prompted by early Soviet successes in space exploration during the cold war, hence there was a strong sense of rivalry which was reflected in the media and public consciousness. NASA accomplished this goal and generated a great sense of achievement with the success of the Apollo missions, and enjoyed at least initially a high level of popular support.

Through our eyes

It was a 'live' TV programme.

I watched it all at 4;00 in the morning. in Great Britain.

Stars, groups of stars (if you call them an object) like stellar clusters and galaxies emit their own light. Different processes generate significant amounts of light from the accretion disks around black holes, such as active galactic nuclei or quasars, the latter among the most luminous objects in the universe. Planets with gaseous atmospheres also can emit small amounts of visible light from lightning or processes similar to our own Aurora Borealis, as has been shown in photographs from space probes.

The Moon is in motion around the Earth and is attracted to it by gravitational force, but has too much orbital energy to fall. That immense amount of energy would have to be removed kind of like braking, in order for it to fall to Earth. One way of thinking about it is, that it is constantly falling towards Earth and constantly missing. Another way of thinking of it in context of Einstein's general relativity is that it travels along a straight line (geodesic) in a four dimensional path through curved space.

The Moon is actually receding from Early slowly because of tidal forces.

Satellites are just things that orbit others. The Earth is a satellite of the Sun since it revolves around it every year. The Moon is a natural satellite of Earth.

The Apollo 15 mission explored the Hadley Rille at the Apennine mountain range; thought to have been caused by lava flows. They collected about 170 pounds of samples including the famous Genesis Rock thought at the time to be one of the oldest rocks known in the Solar System. The mission had a greater scientific capability, a longer stay time on the surface, and pioneered the first use of the lunar rover vehicle which allowed for farther ranging activities.

To pay the cost of just Apollo 11 in USD, it would have taken roughly 7.1 billion nickels to get to the Moon.

Astronauts are lighter on the Moon because there is less gravity exerted on them because the mass of the Moon is smaller. Astronauts experience about one sixth the accelerating force of gravity on the lunar surface compared to Earth.

There is abundant proof we went to the Moon including the direct documentation, photographic evidence, sample retrieval, verification of various pieces of evidence from unbiased entities - entirely aside from direct reports of the 12 astronauts so far which have been to the surface. Some directly testable means exist; anybody on Earth with the right equipment can bounce a laser off the LRRR (retro-reflectors) placed on the lunar surface by the Apollo missions. There is also the human paradigm, various analysts have shown it would be far more difficult to stage a fake mission than it actually would be to do a real one; since it would require a massive conspiracy and cover-up it would simply be impossible not to have major leaks by the hundreds of thousands of people involved in the effort who didn't come forth to expose such a notional conspiracy. When one examines the so-called moon hoax theories the logic of conspiracy theorists collapses quickly and is shown to be packed with self-contradictions and in particular, very bad science at even fundamental levels. There are abundant examples of bad science and glaring faults in conspiratorial thinking - for example, no explanation why a political rival (the USSR) would have tracked the Apollo missions to the moon; why other countries including the Japanese JAXA/SELENE mission have provided photographic proof of the presence of the descent stages of the Apollo lunar modules and other equipment on the Moon's surface; why other orbiter photographs match those taken by Apollo astronauts including tracks from the lunar rover; why we have Apollo-era footage from the surface when the technology to fake the videos has been shown by experts not to have been even available at the time of the missions, and so forth. Repeatedly the conspiracy theorists show lack of ability to do even the most basic critical thinking or research, for example, why shadows diverge over bumpy terrain, how the lunar surface can reflect light to backfill shadows (also proven by modern rendering software), the fact that a reaction control system can keep the lunar module upright; the fact that NASA had tested radiation levels in the Van Allen belts and largely flew around them, needing only the thin aluminum skin of the capsule to subject crew to radiation no greater than about a single x-ray; chemical consistency of lunar samples with terrestrial rocks ejected from lunar surface from meteorite events; examples go on and on. Sadly, the insincerity of hoaxers has been repeatedly exposed to show their goals are to confuse, manipulate, and generate controversy to creating something of a cottage industry for personal profit, disregarding the tremendous success of the missions, the honest hard work, risks taken, and sacrifices including some loss of life of those involved.